Lov na Psilocybe u divljini

[Luka021]

Inace makedonija je prepuna aktivnih pecuraka,cini mi se 15vrsta da je zabelezeno.

HALLUCINOGENIC FUNGI IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Mitko KARADELEV & Sofce SPASIKOVA
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje
ABSTRACT
Karadelev M. & Spasikova S.. (2004). Hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia. Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, 25-29. 10.2003, Ohrid.Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 6, Skopje.
According to the recent research into fungi biodiversity of R. Macedonia, 1,250 species have been registered. From these fungi, 16 species show proved hallucinogenic effects. These species belong to the following genera: Psilocybe, Amanita, Panaeolus, Elaphomyces, Claviceps, Gymnopilus, Pluteus, Stropharia and Mycena. In most of them, these effects are due to the presence of hallucinogenic compounds such as psilocin, psilocybin, baeocystin and nor-baeocystin.
Key words:
hallucinogenic fungi, hallucinogenic effects, hallucinogenic compounds.
H3BOA
KapaneneB M. u CnacnkoBa C. (2004). XanynnHoreHn ra6n Bo Penyo.nHka MaxenoHnja.36opHuk Ha wpydosu od 2-owi Konzpec Ha ekonosuiue Ha Maxedonuja co MeéyHapoòHo yuecuso, 25-29.10.2003,Oxpuò. IoceoHH H3naHnja Ha MakenoHCKOTo eKOJIOIIKO APYIIITBO, KH. 6, Cxonje.
Bp3 OCHOBa Ha HCTpaxyBataTa Ha MHKOAHBep3HTeTOT BO PenyoJHKa Makenonnja nocera ce perHCTpHpaHH 1250 BHIOBH Ha ra6u. OI HHB, 16 BHIOBH HOKaxyBaaT xaJyIIHHOreHO AejcTBO. Tue npunaraar Ha ponOBHTe: Psilocybe, Amanita, Panaeolus, Elaphomyces, Claviceps, Gymnopilus, Pluteus, Stropharia H Mycena. Kaj noBekeTo OI HHB OBHe edekTu ce pesyaiTaT Ha IpHCyCTBOTO Ha xaJTyIHHOreHH coenuHeHnja, kako IICHJOIHH, IICHJIOIHOHH, OeOIHCTHH H HOp-OeOIHCTHH.
K.ayqHn 360poBH: xanyuHHoreHH raóu, xanyuHoreHn ecekTu, xanyHHoreHr
coennHeHnja
Introduction
Lately, mycological investigations in the epublic of Macedonia have been intensified. The register of the hallucinogenic species in the Republic of Macedonia is created according to the published data from the previous investigations (Tortich 1988, Karadelev 2000), the data- base MACFUNGI of the Mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and from the field investigations of the authors. The investigations were carried out on various localities in the Republic of Macedonia, such as the mountains: Osogovo, Kozuf, Kitka, Vodno, Jakupica, Sar Planina, Ograzden, the National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica, and the area of the towns and villages: Krusevo, Resen, Katlanovo, Skopje and Gevgelija.
well as on enriched soil, infected plants, etc. The identification of the species was done either on the field or in the mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents (Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline etc.).Some of the collected fungi were preserved in the National Mycological Collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI), while the data were put in the database MACFUNGI.
For identification are used the following: Moser(1983),Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1981, 1986, 1991,1995,2000),Paul Staments (1996), Däncke, R.M.(2001), Krieglsteiner, G. J.(2000),Flammer (1980),Flammer & Horak(1983),etc.
Results
Materials and methods
Amanita muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hooker
The material was collected in various kinds of forests, associations and on mountain pastures, on soil or on fallen branches, trunks, logs and living trees, as
- grows on soil in deciduous and coniferous forests,
from July to October.
Osogovo Mt.: Ponikva, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fag-
etum, 1500-1600; Krusevo: on the way to Children's
Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
479

Inace makedonija je prepuna aktivnih pecuraka,cini mi se 15vrsta da je zabelezeno.

HALLUCINOGENIC FUNGI IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Mitko KARADELEV & Sofce SPASIKOVA
Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, P.O. Box 162, Gazi Baba bb, 1000 Skopje
ABSTRACT
Karadelev M. & Spasikova S.. (2004). Hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia. Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of the Republic of Macedonia with International Participation, 25-29. 10.2003, Ohrid.Special issues of Macedonian Ecological Society, Vol. 6, Skopje.
According to the recent research into fungi biodiversity of R. Macedonia, 1,250 species have been registered. From these fungi, 16 species show proved hallucinogenic effects. These species belong to the following genera: Psilocybe, Amanita, Panaeolus, Elaphomyces, Claviceps, Gymnopilus, Pluteus, Stropharia and Mycena. In most of them, these effects are due to the presence of hallucinogenic compounds such as psilocin, psilocybin, baeocystin and nor-baeocystin.
Key words:
hallucinogenic fungi, hallucinogenic effects, hallucinogenic compounds.
H3BOA
KapaneneB M. u CnacnkoBa C. (2004). XanynnHoreHn ra6n Bo Penyo.nHka MaxenoHnja.36opHuk Ha wpydosu od 2-owi Konzpec Ha ekonosuiue Ha Maxedonuja co MeéyHapoòHo yuecuso, 25-29.10.2003,Oxpuò. IoceoHH H3naHnja Ha MakenoHCKOTo eKOJIOIIKO APYIIITBO, KH. 6, Cxonje.
Bp3 OCHOBa Ha HCTpaxyBataTa Ha MHKOAHBep3HTeTOT BO PenyoJHKa Makenonnja nocera ce perHCTpHpaHH 1250 BHIOBH Ha ra6u. OI HHB, 16 BHIOBH HOKaxyBaaT xaJyIIHHOreHO AejcTBO. Tue npunaraar Ha ponOBHTe: Psilocybe, Amanita, Panaeolus, Elaphomyces, Claviceps, Gymnopilus, Pluteus, Stropharia H Mycena. Kaj noBekeTo OI HHB OBHe edekTu ce pesyaiTaT Ha IpHCyCTBOTO Ha xaJTyIHHOreHH coenuHeHnja, kako IICHJOIHH, IICHJIOIHOHH, OeOIHCTHH H HOp-OeOIHCTHH.
K.ayqHn 360poBH: xanyuHHoreHH raóu, xanyuHoreHn ecekTu, xanyHHoreHr
coennHeHnja
Introduction
Lately, mycological investigations in the epublic of Macedonia have been intensified. The register of the hallucinogenic species in the Republic of Macedonia is created according to the published data from the previous investigations (Tortich 1988, Karadelev 2000), the data- base MACFUNGI of the Mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Natural Science in Skopje, and from the field investigations of the authors. The investigations were carried out on various localities in the Republic of Macedonia, such as the mountains: Osogovo, Kozuf, Kitka, Vodno, Jakupica, Sar Planina, Ograzden, the National Parks: Pelister, Mavrovo, and Galicica, and the area of the towns and villages: Krusevo, Resen, Katlanovo, Skopje and Gevgelija.
well as on enriched soil, infected plants, etc. The identification of the species was done either on the field or in the mycological laboratory at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics in Skopje, using microscopes and reagents (Melzer, KOH, Sulphovaniline etc.).Some of the collected fungi were preserved in the National Mycological Collection (FUNGI MACEDONICI), while the data were put in the database MACFUNGI.
For identification are used the following: Moser(1983),Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1981, 1986, 1991,1995,2000),Paul Staments (1996), Däncke, R.M.(2001), Krieglsteiner, G. J.(2000),Flammer (1980),Flammer & Horak(1983),etc.
Results
Materials and methods
Amanita muscaria (L.:Fr.) Hooker
The material was collected in various kinds of forests, associations and on mountain pastures, on soil or on fallen branches, trunks, logs and living trees, as
- grows on soil in deciduous and coniferous forests,
from July to October.
Osogovo Mt.: Ponikva, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fag-
etum, 1500-1600; Krusevo: on the way to Children's
Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of Ecologists of Macedonia
479

NP Pelister:(ass. Digitali viridiflorae - Pinetum peuces with Fagus): near Mala Korija, Caparska Preseka, around Mt. house Kopanki, Palisnopje, Rotinska river - lower part, around v. Trnovo, between Mt.house Kopanki and Palisnopje; above Kopanki, (Gentiano luteae - Pinetum peuces); above v. Magarevo,near spring, (mixed forest of Fagus, Pinus peuce and Quercus); Golema livada, (mixed forest of Betula,Populus, Pinus peuce and Abies); Kozuf Mt.: Konjari, (Fagus and Pinus nigra); Kitka Mt.: Preslap.(Calamintho grandiflorae - Fagetum) and near Preslap, (Orno-Quercetum petraeae); NP Mavrovo:Bunec, (Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum); Vodno Mt.: (Querco - carpinetum orientalis); Jakupica Mt..v. Gorno Vranovce, (Festuco heterophyllae - Fagetum), and Ceples, (Calamintho grandiflorae - Fagetum); Sar Planina Mt.: Jelak,(Piceetum excelsae subalpinum scardicum).
Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Quel.
Vodno Mt., 950 m a., May 2002, on enriched soil;NP Pelister: around Kopanki, Digitali viridiflorae - Pinetum peuces, 1600, September 2002.
Panaeolus semiovatus Fr. (Lundell)
NP Pelister: around Kopanki, in meadow, 1650, Sep-
tember 2002, on dung.
Pluteus salicinus (Pers.: Fr.) Kummer
Ograzden Mt.: Ezovo Brdo, mixed forest of Fagus,Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra, 1100-1300, July 2000, on rotten branches of Fagus; NP Galicica: PIjuska, Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum,1000, October 2001, on enriched soil; Jakupica Mt.:Ceples, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, 1400-1500, July 1999, on stump of Fagus sylvatica; Kozuf Mt.: Konjari, Fagus and Pinus nigra, 1100, October 2000.
Psilocybe coprophylla (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.
Jakupica Mt.: v.Gorno Vranovce, Festuco heterophyllae - Fagetum, 700-800, November 1998, on dung.Psilocybe bullacea (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm
NP Pelister: v. Rotino, plantation of P.peuce, 1050,April 2002, on fallen branch of Pinus peuce, and around v. Trnovo, Festuco heterophyllae - Fagetum with Populus tremula, 1200, September 2002, on leaves reminants of Populus tremula; Prespa: Strict Nature Reserve ,,Ezerani", Carici elongatae - Alnetum glutinosae, April 2002, in meadow, close toSalix purpurea.
Psilocybe montana (Fr.) Quelet
NP Pelister: between Mt. house Kopanki and Palisnopje, Digitali viridiflorae - Pinetum peuces, 1540-1640 m a, October 2001, on soil.
Psilocybe muscorum (Orton) Mos.
NP Pelister: above v. Slivnica, Quercetum frainettocerris macedonicum, 1050, April 2002, in moss Rhacomitrum.
Hallucinogenic fungi in the Republic of Macedonia
Psilocybe physaloides (Bull.: Merat) Quelet
Prespa: Strict Nature Reserve ,,Ezerani“, in mead-
ow, 850, April 2002, on soil.
Psilocybe subcoprophyla (Bull.:Fr.) Kumm
Katlanovo: St. Jovan Veterski monastery, Pruno webii-Junipiterum excelsae, 150-200, October 2002, on dung.
Stropharia coronilla (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.
NP Pelister: on the way to Molika Hotel, pastured place with Juniperus communis and Pinus peuce,1100, April 2002, in meadow. Vodno Mt.: Quercocarpinetum orientalis, 750 - 1000, October 2002, on soil; Gevgelija: v. Stojakovo, in meadow, 80, December 1993; Kozuf Mt.: Konjari, Fagus and Pinus nigra, 1100, October 2000, on dung.
Disscucion
In the Republic of Macedonia, so far, 16 species of hallucinogenic fungi have been registered. The most frequent of these species are Mycena pura and Amanita muscaria. The representatives of other genera such as Pcilocybe, Panaeolus, Gymnopilus and Elaphomyces are very seldom.
All these fungi were found growing on various substrates. Usually, these fungi were found growing on soil (Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe physaloides,Psilocybe montana, Mycena pura, Amanita muscaria), on enriched soil (Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe bullacea, Pluteus salicinus, Panaeolus papilionaceus), on dung (Stropharia coronilla, Psilocybe subcoprophyla, Psilocybe coprophylla, Panaeolus semiovatus).
Certain species of these fungi are lignicolous, there.fore they were registered growing on different kinds of wood or wood debris: Psilocybe bullacea was found growing on fallen branch of Pinus peuce and on leaves reminants of Populus tremula; Pluteus salicinus was found growing on rotten branches and on stump of Fagus, while Gymnopilus spectabilis was found on log of Fagus.
It is very interesting to notice that two registered species were not found growing on any of the mentioned substrares: Psilocybe muscorum was found in moss Rhacomitrum, Elaphomyces granulatus and Gymnopilus reticulatus were only found under soil, while Claviceps purpurea.
Tab. 1 shows the distribution of the registered spe-
cies in various associations.
The most significant characteristic of these fungi is their chemical constitution. Once ingested, these fungi cause certain syndromes and hallucinations. Due to this effect, they are called hallucinogenic fungi.Different fungi may contain different or common hallucinogenic compounds.
481

Mitko KARADELEV & Sotce SPASIKOVA
resort, Festuco heterophyllae - Fagetum, 1300; KozufMt.: Smrdliva voda, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum, 1000, and Konjari, in mixed forest of Fagus and Pinus nigra, 1100; Mavrovo: Fago-Abietetum meridionale, 1400.
Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul
- This ascomycete species is a parasite on rye. It is found in various rye plantations throughout R. Macedonia.
Elaphomyces granulatus Fr.
Jakupica Mt:. Ceples, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fag-
etum, 1300-1400, July 1999.
Tab.1. Hallucinogenic species and forest associations
Ta6. 1. XanynuHoreHn raoH H HHBHHTe IIIYMCKH 3aeAHHIIH
Elaphomyces reticulatus Vittad.
Kozuf Mt.: Smrdliva Voda, Festuco heterophyllae -Fagetum, 800, October 1985; NP Galicica: Pljuska,Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum, 1000, October, 1991; NP Pelister: v. Brajcino, Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum, 1000, October 2002.Gymnopilus spectabilis (Fr.) Sing
NP Mavrovo: Bunec, Calamintho grandiflorae-Fage-
tum, 1250, September 1998, on log of Fagus.
Mycena pura (Pers.) Kumm.
- grows on soil in deciduous and coniferous forests,
from July to October, from 500 to 1750 m a.
Q.Car.-o.m.
Pidectum
meadow
P.n.P.s.&F.
Q.f-.c.m.
Alnctum
P.web.-J.ex.
J.c.& P.p.
Fag.-Abi
+
Rye plant.
Plant. of P.p.
+
+
Note.
Amanita muscaria
Claviceps purpurea
Elaphomyces granulatus Elaphomyces reticulatus Gymnopilus spcctabilis 6 Mycena pura
7 Panacolus papilionaceus 8 Panacolus semiovatus 9 Pluteus salicinus
10 Psilocybe coprophylla Psilocybe bullacea 12 Psilocybe montana 13 Psilocybe muscorum 14 Psilocybe physaloides 15 Psilocybe subcoprophyla 16 Stropharia coronilla
C.g.-F. - Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum
F.h. -F.- Festuco heterophyllae - Fagetum
P.n.& F.- mixed forest of pinus nigra and Fagus D.v.-P.p. - Digitali viridiflorae-Pinetum peuces G.I.-P.p. - Gentiano luteae- Pinetum peuces
F., P.p. & Q. - mixed forest of Fagus, Pinus peuce and Quercus
B., Pop., P.p & A. - mixed forest of Betula, Populus, Pinus peuce and Abies
Q.-O.p. - Orno-Quercetum petraeae
Q.-Car.o.m. - Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum
Piceetum - Piceetum excelsae subalpinum scardicum
meadow - in meadow
P.n.,P.s.& F.- mixed forest of Fagus, Pinus sylvestris and P.nigra
Q.f.-c.m. - Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum
Alnetum - Carici elongatae - Alnetum glutinosae
P.web.-J.ex. - Pruno webii-Junipiterum excelsae
J.c.& P.p.- pastured place with J.communis and P.peuce
Fag.-Abi. - Fago-Abietetum meridionale
Plant. of P.p. -Plantation of Fagus and P. nigra

[storm.raver]

Hej Storm,
Hvala na objasnjenjima i utrosenom vremenu,
Da te pitam,planiram ici u lov na Serbicu kao totalni laik,evo dok budu bile prve kise.
Kazi mi dali bi bio voljan da otidjemo zajedno prvom prilikom odnosno da mene povedes kada budes isao sledeci put?
Iz Novog Sada sam,dosao bih do dole i sve.
Taman napravimo dobro druzenje,mozda putovanje,poznanstvo i kontakt svakako.
Pozdravi

Možda, ali zakasnio si na žurku brate, serbice rastu na jesen, ko i biljke razne gljive imaju svoje sezone. Sad jedino smrčak možemo ići tražiti. Ovo za Makedoniju što si okačio, to su bajate informacije, pola ovih pečuraka nije ni psihoaktivno, nekad se mislilo da jeste. Zadrži taj entuzijazam ali moraš malo izučiti psihoaktivne gljive, pisano je ovde dosta po forumu.

[Luka021]

Hej Storm,
Hvala na objasnjenjima i utrosenom vremenu,
Da te pitam,planiram ici u lov na Serbicu kao totalni laik,evo dok budu bile prve kise.
Kazi mi dali bi bio voljan da otidjemo zajedno prvom prilikom odnosno da mene povedes kada budes isao sledeci put?
Iz Novog Sada sam,dosao bih do dole i sve.
Taman napravimo dobro druzenje,mozda putovanje,poznanstvo i kontakt svakako.
Pozdravi

Možda, ali zakasnio si na žurku brate, serbice rastu na jesen, ko i biljke razne gljive imaju svoje sezone. Sad jedino smrčak možemo ići tražiti. Ovo za Makedoniju što si okačio, to su bajate informacije, pola ovih pečuraka nije ni psihoaktivno, nekad se mislilo da jeste. Zadrži taj entuzijazam ali moraš malo izučiti psihoaktivne gljive, pisano je ovde dosta po forumu.

Hvala na odgovoru,
Kolko sam ispeo iscitati jeste da nema pravila sto se tice berbe vezano za godisnje doba nego je vise vezano za temperaturu.
Kaze prestaju sa rastom pocetkom mrazeva a najvise rastu kad jeoptimalna temperatura izmedju 10 i 15 stepeni,pretpostavljam posle kisa.posto zimus nije bilo ni kise ni snega ni mraza, verujem da ce se pokazati u narednom periodu.
Ispravi me molim te ako gresim?
Da ne idem za bezveze,sledece nedelje idu kise..

[huana.meri]

male su šanse za serbiku, ali nekažem da nema šanse, dok ovostediata i pan subalteatus kreću s toplim danima da...